{"id":7,"slug":"proof-of-stake","name":"Proof of Stake","alternate_names":["PoS","지분증명"],"aliases":[],"locale":"en","available_locales":["en","ja"],"localized":false,"type":"concept","description":"Proof of stake is a blockchain consensus mechanism in which validators lock up (stake) the native asset to propose and attest to blocks.","overview":"In proof-of-stake, validators are chosen to create blocks in proportion to their staked assets and can be penalized (slashed) for misbehavior. It replaces energy-intensive mining used in proof-of-work.","official_url":null,"image_url":null,"country":null,"region":null,"wikidata_id":null,"wikipedia_url":null,"verified":false,"scores":{"authority":68,"trust":0,"citation":0},"topic":{"slug":"blockchain-mainnet-development","name":"Blockchain"},"url":"https://worldwiki.io/entity/proof-of-stake","facts":[{"id":132,"predicate":"definition","label":"Definition","value":"A way for validators to prove they have put something of value into the network that can be destroyed if they act dishonestly","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[161]},{"id":133,"predicate":"first_proposed","label":"First proposed","value":"August 2012 paper 'PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake' by Sunny King (pseudonym) and Scott Nadal","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[214]},{"id":134,"predicate":"first_implementation","label":"First implementation","value":"Peercoin, launched 12 August 2012, which uses a hybrid of proof of work and proof of stake","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[214]},{"id":135,"predicate":"publications","label":"Early formal security analysis","value":"Kiayias, Russell, David, Oliynykov, 'Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol', CRYPTO 2017, pp. 357–388, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_12","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[213]},{"id":136,"predicate":"major_adoption_date","label":"Ethereum switch to PoS (The Merge)","value":"2022-09-15","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[160]},{"id":137,"predicate":"energy_reduction_estimate","label":"Estimated energy reduction on Ethereum after the switch","value":"~99.95","unit":"%","confidence":80,"valid_from":"2022-09-15","valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[160]},{"id":138,"predicate":"validator_deposit_ethereum","label":"Ethereum validator deposit","value":"32","unit":"ETH","confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[161]},{"id":139,"predicate":"block_timing_ethereum","label":"Ethereum slot and epoch length","value":"12-second slots; 32 slots per epoch; one proposer per slot plus a randomly chosen committee","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[161]},{"id":140,"predicate":"finality_threshold","label":"Finality rule (Ethereum Casper-FFG)","value":"A checkpoint becomes final when 2/3 of staked ETH votes for it; reverting a finalized block would cost an attacker at least 1/3 of all staked ETH","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[161]},{"id":141,"predicate":"slashing_offenses","label":"Slashable offenses (Ethereum)","value":"Proposing two different blocks for the same slot; surround voting; double voting. Slashed validators are removed over a 36-day period, with a correlation penalty on day 18","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[219]},{"id":142,"predicate":"regulatory_status_us","label":"US regulatory status (SEC staff view)","value":"SEC Division of Corporation Finance staff said that some protocol staking (solo, self-custodial via a third party, and qualifying custodial staking) is not an offer or sale of securities. This is a staff view with no legal force","unit":null,"confidence":80,"valid_from":"2025-05-29","valid_until":null,"verified_at":"2026-09-18 06:42:54","source_ids":[216]}],"relations":[],"questions":[{"slug":"how-does-proof-of-stake-work","question":"How does proof of stake work?","intent":"procedure","language":"en","short_answer":"In proof of stake, validators lock up tokens as collateral. The protocol then picks them to propose and vote on blocks. On Ethereum, time is split into 12-second slots, with 32 slots in each epoch. In every slot, one randomly chosen validator proposes a block and a random committee votes on it. When validators holding at least two-thirds of all staked ETH approve a pair of checkpoints, those blocks become final. Validators earn rewards for correct work and can be slashed for provable misbehaviour.","url":"https://worldwiki.io/q/how-does-proof-of-stake-work"},{"slug":"what-is-the-difference-between-proof-of-stake-and-proof-of-work","question":"What is the difference between proof of stake and proof of work?","intent":"informational","language":"en","short_answer":"Proof of work secures a blockchain through computing power and electricity: miners compete to solve puzzles. Proof of stake secures it through locked-up tokens that can be destroyed if a validator cheats. This makes PoS far less energy-intensive. Ethereum estimates that its switch to PoS in September 2022 cut its energy use by about 99.95%. Ethereum also argues that attacks cost more under PoS, because an attacker's stake can be slashed. PoW hardware, by contrast, can be reused.","url":"https://worldwiki.io/q/what-is-the-difference-between-proof-of-stake-and-proof-of-work"},{"slug":"what-is-slashing-in-proof-of-stake","question":"What is slashing in proof of stake?","intent":"informational","language":"en","short_answer":"Slashing is the penalty for provable misbehaviour by a validator in a proof-of-stake network. On Ethereum, a validator is slashed for proposing two blocks in the same slot or for casting contradictory votes. The penalty works in three steps. The validator loses part of its stake straight away. It then pays an extra penalty around day 18, which is larger if many validators were slashed at the same time. Finally, it is removed from the network on day 36.","url":"https://worldwiki.io/q/what-is-slashing-in-proof-of-stake"},{"slug":"is-proof-of-stake-secure","question":"Is proof of stake secure?","intent":"informational","language":"en","short_answer":"Proof of stake can be secure, but its security depends on how the stake is spread among validators. On Ethereum, an attacker with 33% of the stake could stop blocks from being finalized. With more than 50%, it could censor transactions. With 66% or more, it could finalize its own version of history. Ethereum's defences include slashing, the inactivity leak, weak subjectivity checkpoints against long-range attacks, and community coordination to recover from an attack.","url":"https://worldwiki.io/q/is-proof-of-stake-secure"},{"slug":"国内取引所のステ-キングと-自分でバリデ-タ-を動かすのは何が違いますか","question":"国内取引所のステーキングと、自分でバリデーターを動かすのは何が違いますか？","intent":"comparison","language":"ja","short_answer":"プロトコル側から見ると、Ethereum でバリデーターとして直接参加するには32 ETH の預け入れとノードの稼働が必要で、規則違反があればスラッシングの対象になります [1][2]。取引所などに預けて行う形態は、米 SEC のスタッフ声明でも「第三者を通じた自己保管型」「要件を満たすカストディ型」として別カテゴリーとして整理されています [3]。ただし国内の交換業者ごとのサービス条件は本項の出典に含まれません。最低数量・解除までの期間・スラッシング発生時に誰が損失を負うかを、各社の約款で必ず確認してください。","url":"https://worldwiki.io/ja/q/国内取引所のステ-キングと-自分でバリデ-タ-を動かすのは何が違いますか"},{"slug":"バリデ-タ-になるには32-eth-が必要ですか-少額では参加できませんか","question":"バリデーターになるには32 ETH が必要ですか？少額では参加できませんか？","intent":"transactional","language":"ja","short_answer":"Ethereum でバリデーターを1つ起動するための預入額は32 ETH です [1]。これはプロトコルが定める単位で、少額から参加する方法については本項の出典に具体的な最低額や手数料の記載はありません。米 SEC のスタッフ声明は、ソロ以外に第三者を通じた自己保管型やカストディ型のステーキング形態にも言及していますが、これは形態の分類であって商品の推奨ではありません [2]。少額で始めたい場合は、利用先サービスの最低数量・手数料・解除条件を事業者の開示資料で確認してください。","url":"https://worldwiki.io/ja/q/バリデ-タ-になるには32-eth-が必要ですか-少額では参加できませんか"},{"slug":"ステ-キング報酬に税金はかかりますか-日本での確定申告はどうなりますか","question":"ステーキング報酬に税金はかかりますか？日本での確定申告はどうなりますか？","intent":"local","language":"ja","short_answer":"本項が根拠としている出典には、日本の課税関係についての記載は一切ありません。したがって所得区分、課税タイミング、申告要否をここで断定することはできません。国税庁が公表している暗号資産に関する税務上の取扱い（FAQ）と、税理士への確認が必要です。なお本項の出典 [1] は米国 SEC 企業金融部の証券法上の見解であり、税務の判断でも日本の取扱いでもありません。","url":"https://worldwiki.io/ja/q/ステ-キング報酬に税金はかかりますか-日本での確定申告はどうなりますか"},{"slug":"米-sec-が-ステ-キングは証券ではない-と言ったそうですが-日本でもそのまま通用しますか","question":"米 SEC が「ステーキングは証券ではない」と言ったそうですが、日本でもそのまま通用しますか？","intent":"local","language":"ja","short_answer":"通用しません。2025年5月29日、米 SEC の企業金融部（Division of Corporation Finance）のスタッフが、一部のプロトコル・ステーキング（ソロ、第三者を通じた自己保管型、要件を満たすカストディ型）は証券の募集・販売に当たらないとの見解を示しましたが、これはスタッフの見解であり法的拘束力はないと明示されています [1]。米国の証券法に関する整理であり、日本の資金決済法・金融商品取引法上の位置づけを決めるものではありません。日本での取扱いは金融庁の公表資料と各事業者の登録状況で確認してください。","url":"https://worldwiki.io/ja/q/米-sec-が-ステ-キングは証券ではない-と言ったそうですが-日本でもそのまま通用しますか"},{"slug":"pos-への移行で-ethereum-の消費電力はどれくらい減ったのですか-その数字は誰が出したものですか","question":"PoS への移行で Ethereum の消費電力はどれくらい減ったのですか？その数字は誰が出したものですか？","intent":"informational","language":"ja","short_answer":"Ethereum は2022年9月15日の The Merge で PoS に移行しました [2]。移行後のエネルギー消費削減は約99.95%と推計されています（2022年9月15日時点）[1][2]。ただしこの推計値の出所は Ethereum 公式サイト ethereum.org、つまり当事者自身の情報源であり、独立した第三者機関の測定結果ではありません。環境負荷を根拠に判断する場合は、独立系の測定・検証資料を別途参照してください。","url":"https://worldwiki.io/ja/q/pos-への移行で-ethereum-の消費電力はどれくらい減ったのですか-その数字は誰が出したものですか"},{"slug":"pos-のチェ-ンでは-送った取引はいつ-もう覆らない-状態になりますか","question":"PoS のチェーンでは、送った取引はいつ「もう覆らない」状態になりますか？","intent":"informational","language":"ja","short_answer":"Ethereum ではスロットが12秒、32スロットで1エポックという単位で進み、各スロットに提案者1名と無作為に選ばれた委員会が割り当てられます [1]。Casper-FFG のファイナリティ規則では、ステークされた ETH の3分の2がチェックポイントに投票した時点で確定（ファイナライズ）します [1]。確定したブロックを覆そうとすれば、攻撃者は全ステーク ETH の少なくとも3分の1を失う計算になります [1]。個別の取引所やウォレットが入金を確定扱いにするまでの承認回数は各社の運用方針によるため、本項の出典では判断できません。","url":"https://worldwiki.io/ja/q/pos-のチェ-ンでは-送った取引はいつ-もう覆らない-状態になりますか"}],"sources":[{"id":161,"title":"Proof-of-stake (PoS)","url":"https://ethereum.org/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/","publisher":"ethereum.org","type":"official","publication_date":null,"accessed_at":"2026-11-09 18:01:16"},{"id":214,"title":"Peercoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peercoin","publisher":"Wikipedia","type":"other","publication_date":null,"accessed_at":"2026-11-09 18:00:34"},{"id":213,"title":"Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol (Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2017, pp. 357–388, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_12)","url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/ouroboros-a-provably-secure-proof-of-stake-blockchain-protocol/","publisher":"University of Edinburgh Research Explorer / Springer","type":"academic","publication_date":null,"accessed_at":"2026-11-10 18:01:06"},{"id":160,"title":"The Merge","url":"https://ethereum.org/roadmap/merge/","publisher":"ethereum.org","type":"official","publication_date":null,"accessed_at":"2026-11-09 18:01:21"},{"id":219,"title":"Proof-of-stake rewards and penalties","url":"https://ethereum.org/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/rewards-and-penalties/","publisher":"ethereum.org","type":"official","publication_date":null,"accessed_at":"2026-11-10 18:01:21"},{"id":216,"title":"Statement on Certain Protocol Staking Activities","url":"https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/speeches-statements/statement-certain-protocol-staking-activities-052925","publisher":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Division of Corporation Finance","type":"government","publication_date":"2025-05-29","accessed_at":"2026-11-09 18:00:31"}],"providers":[],"published_at":"2026-09-14 12:40:21","updated_at":"2026-11-12 05:20:00","verified_at":null}