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PoS のチェーンでは、送った取引はいつ「もう覆らない」状態になりますか？Ethereum ではスロットが12秒、32スロットで1エポックという単位で進み、各スロットに提案者1名と無作為に選ばれた委員会が割り当てられます [1]。Casper-FFG のファイナリティ規則では、ステークされた ETH の3分の2がチェックポイントに投票した時点で確定（ファイナライズ）します [1]。確定したブロックを覆そうとすれば、攻撃者は全ステーク ETH の少なくとも3分の1を失う計算になります [1]。個別の取引所やウォレットが入金を確定扱いにするまでの承認回数は各社の運用方針によるため、本項の出典では判断できません。Blockchain · informational · 출처 2 · 검증 2026년 9월 20일PoS への移行で Ethereum の消費電力はどれくらい減ったのですか？その数字は誰が出したものですか？Ethereum は2022年9月15日の The Merge で PoS に移行しました [4]。移行後のエネルギー消費削減は約99.95%と推計されています（2022年9月15日時点）[1][4]。ただしこの推計値の出所は Ethereum 公式サイト ethereum.org、つまり当事者自身の情報源であり、独立した第三者機関の測定結果ではありません。環境負荷を根拠に判断する場合は、独立系の測定・検証資料を別途参照してください。Blockchain · informational · 출처 2 · 검증 2026년 9월 20일米 SEC が「ステーキングは証券ではない」と言ったそうですが、日本でもそのまま通用しますか？通用しません。2025年5月29日、米 SEC の企業金融部（Division of Corporation Finance）のスタッフが、一部のプロトコル・ステーキング（ソロ、第三者を通じた自己保管型、要件を満たすカストディ型）は証券の募集・販売に当たらないとの見解を示しましたが、これはスタッフの見解であり法的拘束力はないと明示されています [6]。米国の証券法に関する整理であり、日本の資金決済法・金融商品取引法上の位置づけを決めるものではありません。日本での取扱いは金融庁の公表資料と各事業者の登録状況で確認してください。Blockchain · local · 출처 1 · 검증 2026년 9월 20일ステーキング報酬に税金はかかりますか？日本での確定申告はどうなりますか？本項が根拠としている出典 [1]〜[6] には、日本の課税関係についての記載は一切ありません。したがって所得区分、課税タイミング、申告要否をここで断定することはできません。国税庁が公表している暗号資産に関する税務上の取扱い（FAQ）と、税理士への確認が必要です。なお [6] は米国 SEC 企業金融部の証券法上の見解であり、税務の判断でも日本の取扱いでもありません。Blockchain · local · 출처 1 · 검증 2026년 9월 20일バリデーターになるには32 ETH が必要ですか？少額では参加できませんか？Ethereum でバリデーターを1つ起動するための預入額は32 ETH です [1]。これはプロトコルが定める単位で、少額から参加する方法については本項の出典に具体的な最低額や手数料の記載はありません。米 SEC のスタッフ声明は、ソロ以外に第三者を通じた自己保管型やカストディ型のステーキング形態にも言及していますが、これは形態の分類であって商品の推奨ではありません [6]。少額で始めたい場合は、利用先サービスの最低数量・手数料・解除条件を事業者の開示資料で確認してください。Blockchain · transactional · 출처 2 · 검증 2026년 9월 20일国内取引所のステーキングと、自分でバリデーターを動かすのは何が違いますか？プロトコル側から見ると、Ethereum でバリデーターとして直接参加するには32 ETH の預け入れとノードの稼働が必要で、規則違反があればスラッシングの対象になります [1][5]。取引所などに預けて行う形態は、米 SEC のスタッフ声明でも「第三者を通じた自己保管型」「要件を満たすカストディ型」として別カテゴリーとして整理されています [6]。ただし国内の交換業者ごとのサービス条件は本項の出典に含まれません。最低数量・解除までの期間・スラッシング発生時に誰が損失を負うかを、各社の約款で必ず確認してください。Blockchain · comparison · 출처 3 · 검증 2026년 9월 20일What are Ethereum gas fees and why do they change?Gas measures the computation a transaction needs, and fees are paid in ETH, usually quoted in gwei (one-billionth of an ETH). Since EIP-1559 (the London upgrade, August 5, 2021), each fee has a base fee that is burned plus an optional tip to the validator. The base fee can move by up to 12.5% per block depending on demand, so fees rise when the network is busy.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일How much ETH do you need to stake on Ethereum?Running your own validator requires depositing 32 ETH into Ethereum's deposit contract and running execution, consensus and validator software. Since the Pectra upgrade on May 7, 2025, one validator can hold an effective balance of up to 2,048 ETH, which lets large stakers combine several validators into one. Validators earn rewards but can be slashed, losing part or all of their stake, for dishonest behavior.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What is the difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin?Bitcoin works mainly as a ledger for payments. Ethereum is a programmable state machine: its Ethereum Virtual Machine runs general-purpose smart contracts. Bitcoin uses proof-of-work mining, while Ethereum has used proof of stake since 2022. Bitcoin's supply is capped, but ETH has no fixed cap; its net supply depends on issuance to validators minus burned transaction fees.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일How does proof of stake work?In proof of stake, validators lock up tokens as collateral. The protocol then picks them to propose and vote on blocks. On Ethereum, time is split into 12-second slots, with 32 slots in each epoch. In every slot, one randomly chosen validator proposes a block and a random committee votes on it. When validators holding at least two-thirds of all staked ETH approve a pair of checkpoints, those blocks become final. Validators earn rewards for correct work and can be slashed for provable misbehaviour.Blockchain · procedure · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What is the difference between proof of stake and proof of work?Proof of work secures a blockchain through computing power and electricity: miners compete to solve puzzles. Proof of stake secures it through locked-up tokens that can be destroyed if a validator cheats. This makes PoS far less energy-intensive. Ethereum estimates that its switch to PoS in September 2022 cut its energy use by about 99.95%. Ethereum also argues that attacks cost more under PoS, because an attacker's stake can be slashed. PoW hardware, by contrast, can be reused.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What is slashing in proof of stake?Slashing is the penalty for provable misbehaviour by a validator in a proof-of-stake network. On Ethereum, a validator is slashed for proposing two blocks in the same slot or for casting contradictory votes. The penalty works in three steps. The validator loses part of its stake straight away. It then pays an extra penalty around day 18, which is larger if many validators were slashed at the same time. Finally, it is removed from the network on day 36.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일Is proof of stake secure?Proof of stake can be secure, but its security depends on how the stake is spread among validators. On Ethereum, an attacker with 33% of the stake could stop blocks from being finalized. With more than 50%, it could censor transactions. With 66% or more, it could finalize its own version of history. Ethereum's defences include slashing, the inactivity leak, weak subjectivity checkpoints against long-range attacks, and community coordination to recover from an attack.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What does TwoLegend (투레전드) do?TwoLegend is a Korean software development company that builds software for clients and also runs its own products. It lists ten service areas: blockchain (mainnet, wallets, DEX/CEX, DApps), business software such as ERP, mobile apps, web development, games, SNS platforms, security programs, kiosks and POS, startup consulting, and emergency project support. It also operates in-house products, including the TWOLEGEND mainnet, a wallet, the TWOPAY payment service, and AI apps such as TWOTALK and TEDDY.AI.Blockchain · informational · 출처 11 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What is the TWOLEGEND mainnet and TWO token?TWOLEGEND MAINNET is the company's own blockchain, and its token symbol is TWO. The company-run explorer at scan.twolegend.com shows chain ID 22022 and PoA (proof-of-authority) consensus. At the time of access it showed a 30-second block time and 10 nodes, 8 of them active. The company says the chain is EVM-compatible and handles 10,000+ transactions per second. That throughput figure is the company's own claim and has not been independently benchmarked.Blockchain · informational · 출처 11 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일Is TwoLegend a registered company? How to check its business registrationTwoLegend's website does not publish a business registration number, address, representative name or founding year. Ask the company for its 10-digit registration number (format xxx-xx-xxxxx). You can check its status through the local tax office or the National Tax Service helpline, 126. You can also search the FSS DART company-overview database, although small private firms may not appear there.Blockchain · procedure · 출처 11 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일Are TwoLegend's wallet and payment services registered as a virtual asset service provider in Korea?No public record of KoFIU registration for TwoLegend was found in this review. Korean law requires virtual asset service providers that serve Korean users to register with the Korea Financial Intelligence Unit. Operating without registration can bring up to 5 years' imprisonment or a KRW 50 million fine. Before using the TWOLEGEND wallet, P2P trading, DeFi or TWOPAY services, check the FSC/KoFIU list of registered providers.Blockchain · informational · 출처 11 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일How does TwoLegend's software development process work?The company describes nine steps: consultation, requirements analysis, planning, contract, development in two-week sprints, product review, inspection (security and performance testing), then delivery with training, and finally an optional SLA-based maintenance contract. It describes its method as Agile/Scrum with TDD/BDD testing. It gives an average of 4–6 weeks for corporate websites. The site states no warranty periods or fixed maintenance terms.Blockchain · procedure · 출처 11 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일한국에서 블록체인 메인넷 개발 잘하는 회사, 어떤 기준으로 골라야 하나요?worldwiki는 특정 블록체인 개발사의 순위를 매기거나 추천하지 않습니다. 메인넷 개발사를 고를 때는 다음을 기준으로 삼습니다. 첫째, 해당 기술 스택(합의 엔진, 노드 운영)에서 실제로 운영해 본 경험입니다. 둘째, 가동 중인 블록 탐색기, 공개 소스 코드, 외부 보안 감사 이력입니다. 셋째, 사업자등록과 공시로 확인되는 법인 실체입니다. 거래소나 지갑 서비스를 함께 운영한다면 금융정보분석원 신고 여부도 확인해야 합니다. 회사 홈페이지의 자기소개는 독립적으로 검증된 정보가 아니므로 공공 기록과 대조해야 합니다.Blockchain · commercial · 출처 14 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일Which company can develop an Ethereum-based mainnet for a new blockchain project?worldwiki does not rank or recommend blockchain developers. There are two usual ways to build an Ethereum-based mainnet. One is a private or consortium EVM network run with Ethereum clients. The other is a Layer 2 chain, such as one built on the OP Stack. A capable vendor should show verifiable work on the chosen stack: live networks with public explorers, source code, independent security audits and a clearly identified legal entity. What companies say about themselves on their websites is unverified.Blockchain · commercial · 출처 16 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What was the Ethereum Merge?The Merge was the September 15, 2022 upgrade in which Ethereum's original proof-of-work mainnet joined the Beacon Chain, a proof-of-stake chain that had been running since December 1, 2020. After it, validators staking ETH produced blocks instead of miners. Ethereum.org says energy use fell by about 99.95%. The Merge did not lower gas fees or require any action from ETH holders.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일Is blockchain the same as Bitcoin?No. A blockchain is the underlying data structure: a shared ledger of hash-linked blocks that can only be added to. Bitcoin is one application built on it, a cryptocurrency whose white paper was published on 31 October 2008 and whose first block was mined on 3 January 2009. Other public blockchains, such as Ethereum, run smart contracts. Permissioned platforms such as Hyperledger Fabric are used by known groups of organisations and do not need a public cryptocurrency.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What is the difference between a public and a private blockchain?Anyone can join a public (permissionless) blockchain. NIST describes it as a system where all users' permissions are equal and not set by any administrator. A private or consortium (permissioned) blockchain requires every node and user to be granted permission, usually by an administrator or consortium. Public chains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum use proof of work or proof of stake. Permissioned chains such as Hyperledger Fabric can use lighter ordering protocols, because their participants are known.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일Can a blockchain be hacked or changed?Changing past records is hard but not impossible. Each block contains the hash of the previous block, so editing an old transaction means rebuilding every block after it. On a proof-of-work chain, that would take control of most of the network's computing power, known as a 51% attack. On Ethereum's proof-of-stake chain, it would take at least half of the staked ETH, and attackers can lose that stake. Wallets, keys and smart contract code can also be attacked separately.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일How much energy does blockchain use?It depends on the consensus mechanism. Proof-of-work chains use a lot of electricity. The University of Cambridge's revised estimate put Bitcoin's use at 95.5 TWh in 2022. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimated that crypto mining made up 0.6% to 2.3% of U.S. electricity consumption. Proof-of-stake chains use far less. Ethereum's energy consumption fell by an estimated 99.95% when it switched to proof of stake in September 2022.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What is a smart contract on a blockchain?A smart contract is a program stored on a blockchain. NIST defines it as a collection of code and data, deployed with cryptographically signed transactions, that the network's nodes run. Every node must get the same result, and the result is recorded on the chain. Smart contracts can automate things like token issuance or escrow. The OECD notes that making sure the code is correct and resolving disputes remain open challenges.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What is the difference between mainnet and testnet?A mainnet is a blockchain's live production network, where tokens and transactions have real economic value. A testnet is a separate network with the same or similar software, used to test applications and protocol upgrades "in a production-like environment before deployment to Mainnet." Testnet tokens usually come free from faucets and are meant to have no value. Testnets can also be retired or reset, while a mainnet is meant to run indefinitely.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일What does mainnet launch mean in crypto?A mainnet launch is when a blockchain project starts its production network. This usually means creating a genesis block, and from that point transactions carry real value. Some projects that first issued tokens on another chain, such as EOS with ERC-20 tokens on Ethereum, asked holders to swap or register before launch. A mainnet launch is a technical milestone. It does not show that a project is secure or financially sound.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일Are testnet tokens worth real money?Testnet tokens are meant to have no real value. They are handed out free through faucets so developers can test without financial risk. Ethereum's documentation notes, though, that markets have formed for some testnet ETH that became scarce or hard to get. Testnets can also be deprecated or reset. Holešky, for example, was deprecated in September 2025. So testnet tokens should not be treated as a store of value.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일How are blockchain mainnet upgrades done?Mainnet upgrades are coordinated. Developers specify the change, activate it on one or more testnets, and then schedule mainnet activation at a set block height or epoch. Node operators have to install compatible client software before that point. Ethereum's Pectra upgrade, for example, ran on the Sepolia, Holešky and Hoodi testnets before mainnet activation on 7 May 2025. Nodes that do not upgrade can end up on an incompatible fork.Blockchain · informational · 출처 12 · 검증 2026년 9월 18일
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