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How are blockchain mainnet upgrades (hard forks) rolled out?

Published Sep 18, 2026Updated Sep 19, 2026Last verified Sep 18, 2026Requests recorded in this site’s own server logs, with the crawler identity checked by reverse DNS or IP range.Meta29Google18OpenAI12Anthropic5Ahrefs2Parallel2Apple1Microsoft1Perplexity1First collected Sep 19, 2026Recent requestsMicrosoftOct 31, 2026AhrefsOct 30, 2026OpenAIOct 28, 2026AhrefsOct 9, 2026Meta · unverifiedOct 9, 2026OpenAIOct 6, 2026Meta · unverifiedOct 4, 2026Meta · unverifiedOct 3, 2026Meta · unverifiedOct 3, 2026Meta · unverifiedOct 3, 2026Meta · unverifiedOct 3, 2026Meta · unverifiedOct 3, 2026
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Quick answer

Proposed rule changes are written up as specifications, such as Ethereum Improvement Proposals, and implemented in every client. They are tested on public testnets, then activated at an agreed block or epoch so that all nodes switch together. On Ethereum, Pectra was rehearsed on testnets and activated on mainnet on 7 May 2025 at block 22,431,084. Fusaka followed on 3 December 2025.

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Answer

Testnet problems during Pectra led to the launch of a new testnet, Hoodi, in March 2025 [11].

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Sources

  1. officialNetworks — ethereum.org · accessed Nov 10, 2026 · Evidence page
  2. governmentIR 8202, Blockchain Technology Overview — National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) · accessed Oct 7, 2026 · Evidence page
  3. officialEthereum Launches — Ethereum Foundation Blog · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page
  4. officialTimeline of all Ethereum forks (2014 to present) — ethereum.org · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page
  5. officialApplication-Specific Blockchains — Cosmos Documentation · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page
  6. officialCometBFT Documentation — Cosmos Documentation · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page
  7. officialPrivate Networks — Go Ethereum (Geth) Documentation · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page
  8. officialChain Operator Configurations — Optimism Docs · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page
  9. officialClient diversity — ethereum.org · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page
  10. officialEthereum Bug Bounty Program — ethereum.org · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page
  11. officialHolesky and Hoodi Testnet Updates — Ethereum Foundation Blog · accessed Nov 11, 2026 · Evidence page